《科學》（20240823出版）一週論文導讀

來源：媒體滾動

Science, 23 AUG 2024, VOL 385, ISSUE 6711

《科學》，2024年8月23日，第385卷，6711期

材料科學Materials Science

Recyclable surgical, consumer, and industrial adhesives of poly(α-lipoic acid)

聚α-硫辛酸助力可回收外科、消費和工業粘合劑

▲ 作者：SUBHAJIT PAL, JISOO SHIN, KELSEY DEFRATES, MUSTAFA ARSLAN, KATELYN DALE, HANNAH CHEN, ET AL.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado6292

▲ 摘要：

聚合物粘合劑在許多醫療、消費和工業產品中發揮着重要作用。α-硫辛酸（αLA）聚合物具有滿足多用途和環境友好型粘合劑需求的潛力，但其性能受限於自發解聚。

研究組報道了一系列穩定的αLA聚合物粘合劑，可針對各種醫療或非醫療用途量身定製，並以閉環方式可持續獲取和回收。

單體組成的微小變化提供了在乾燥和潮溼條件下功能良好的壓敏粘合劑，以及與傳統環氧樹脂強度相當的結構粘合劑。αLA外科強力膠成功封閉小鼠羊膜囊破裂，使鼠胎存活率從0提高到100%。

▲ Abstract：

Polymer adhesives play an important role in many medical, consumer, and industrial products. Polymers of α-lipoic acid (αLA) have the potential to fulfill the need for versatile and environmentally friendly adhesives, but their performance is plagued by spontaneous depolymerization. We report a family of stabilized αLA polymer adhesives that can be tailored for a variety of medical or nonmedical uses and sustainably sourced and recycled in a closed-loop manner. Minor changes in monomer composition afforded a pressure-sensitive adhesive that functions well in dry and wet conditions, as well as a structural adhesive with strength equivalent to that of conventional epoxies. αLA surgical superglue successfully sealed murine amniotic sac ruptures, increasing fetal survival from 0 to 100%.

Manufacture and testing of biomass-derivable thermosets for wind blade recycling

生物質衍生熱固性材料的製造和測試助力風力葉片回收

▲ 作者：RYAN W. CLARKE, ERIK G. ROGNERUD, ALLEN PUENTE-URBINA, DAVID BARNES, PAUL MURDY, MICHAEL L. MCGRAW, ET AL.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5395

▲摘要：

風能有助於電網脫碳，但風力葉片不可回收，目前的報廢管理策略不可持續。

爲了解決可持續能源基礎設施中材料可回收性的挑戰，研究組引入了可擴展的生物質衍生聚酯共價適應性網絡和相應的纖維增強複合材料，用於可回收風力葉片製造。通過實驗和計算研究（包括9米風力葉片原型的真空輔助樹脂轉移模塑），研究組證明了這種材料與現有製造技術的良好兼容性，相對於現有材料的優越性能，以及實用的報廢化學品可回收性。

最值得注意的是儘管採用了動態交聯拓撲結構，但反直覺的蠕變抑制仍優於行業最先進的熱固性材料。總體而言，該研究詳細介紹了風力葉片製造的諸多方面，包括化學、工程、安全、機械分析、風化和化學可回收性，使生物質衍生、可回收的風力葉片成爲現實。

▲ Abstract：

Wind energy is helping to decarbonize the electrical grid, but wind blades are not recyclable, and current end-of-life management strategies are not sustainable. To address the material recyclability challenges in sustainable energy infrastructure, we introduce scalable biomass-derivable polyester covalent adaptable networks and corresponding fiber-reinforced composites for recyclable wind blade fabrication. Through experimental and computational studies, including vacuum-assisted resin-transfer molding of a 9-meter wind blade prototype, we demonstrate drop-in technological readiness of this material with existing manufacture techniques, superior properties relative to incumbent materials, and practical end-of-life chemical recyclability. Most notable is the counterintuitive creep suppression, outperforming industry state-of-the-art thermosets despite the dynamic cross-link topology. Overall, this report details the many facets of wind blade manufacture, encompassing chemistry, engineering, safety, mechanical analyses, weathering, and chemical recyclability, enabling a realistic path toward biomass-derivable, recyclable wind blades.

化學Chemistry

Reductive samarium (electro)catalysis enabled by SmIII-alkoxide protonolysisSmIII

醇鹽質子分解實現還原釤（電）催化

▲ 作者：EMILY A. BOYD, CHUNGKEUN SHIN, DAVID J. CHARBONEAU, JONAS C. PETERS AND SARAH E. REISMAN.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5777

▲ 摘要：

二碘化釤（SmI2）是一種特殊的單電子還原劑，可用於各種合成環境。然而，由於與裂解強SmIII-O鍵相關的衆所周知的挑戰，催化週轉的通用方法仍難以實現。先前的工作集中在使用高反應性親氧試劑來實現催化劑週轉。但這種方法導致催化劑形態複雜，從本質上限制了合成範圍。

研究組利用溫和且具有選擇性的質子分解策略，實現了釤催化的廣泛範圍內酮和丙烯酸酯的分子間還原交叉偶聯。該方法的模塊化實現了基於溶劑、pKa（其中Ka是酸解離常數）和釤配位範圍來合理控制選擇性，併爲催化和電催化鑭系化學的未來發展提供了基礎。

▲ Abstract：

Samarium diiodide (SmI2) is a privileged, single-electron reductant deployed in diverse synthetic settings. However, generalizable methods for catalytic turnover remain elusive because of the well-known challenge associated with cleaving strong SmIII-O bonds. Prior efforts have focused on the use of highly reactive oxophiles to enable catalyst turnover. However, such approaches give rise to complex catalyst speciation and intrinsically limit the synthetic scope. Herein, we leveraged a mild and selective protonolysis strategy to achieve samarium-catalyzed, intermolecular reductive cross-coupling of ketones and acrylates with broad scope. The modularity of our approach allows rational control of selectivity based on solvent, pKa (where Ka is the acid dissociation constant), and the samarium coordination sphere and provides a basis for future developments in catalytic and electrocatalytic lanthanide chemistry.

地球科學Earth Science

Slow rupture in a fluid-rich fault zone initiated the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto earthquake

富流體斷層帶的緩慢破裂引發了2024年能登半島7.5級地震

▲ 作者：ZHANGFENG MA, HONGYU ZENG, HAIPENG LUO, ZEMIN LIU, YU JIANG, YOSUKE AOKI, ET AL.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado5143

▲摘要：

2024年發生在日本能登半島的7.5級地震由複雜的斷裂過程引發，對社區造成了破壞。

利用空間大地測量和地震觀測，研究組表明該事件使半島變形，西海岸的峰值隆升達到5米。近海斷層的淺層滑動超過10米。峰值應力降大於10兆帕。

這一毀滅性事件始於震源附近持續15至20秒的緩慢破裂傳播，自2020年以來，由於地殼下的流體供應，地震羣激增。緩慢的啓動伴隨着強烈的高頻地震輻射。這些觀測結果表明，在富流體斷層帶內存在明顯的同震滑動模式，反映了斷層性質的高度異質性。

▲ Abstract：

The 2024 moment magnitude 7.5 Noto Peninsula (Japan) earthquake caused devastation to communities and was generated by a complex rupture process. Using space geodetic and seismic observations, we have shown that the event deformed the peninsula with a peak uplift reaching 5 meters at the west coast. Shallow slip exceeded 10 meters on an offshore fault. Peak stress drop was greater than 10 megapascals. This devastating event began with a slow rupture propagation lasting 15 to 20 seconds near its hypocenter, where seismic swarms had surged since 2020 because of lower-crust fluid supply. The slow start was accompanied by intense high-frequency seismic radiation. These observations suggest a distinct coseismic slip mode reflecting high heterogeneity in fault properties within a fluid-rich fault zone.

Dual-initiation ruptures in the 2024 Noto earthquake encircling a fault asperity at a swarm edge

2024年能登地震中環震羣邊緣斷層粗糙度的雙重引發破裂

▲ 作者：LIUWEI XU, CHEN JI, LINGSEN MENG, JEAN-PAUL AMPUERO, ZHANG YUNJUN, SAEED MOHANNA, ET AL.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0493

▲摘要：

爲了揭示2024年日本能登7.5級地震與之前地震活動羣之間的聯繫，研究組通過近源波形分析和震源成像技術，結合地震和大地測量數據集，研究了其破裂過程。

結果在初始破裂階段發現了明顯的複雜性。在之前的地震羣中保持完整的強烈斷層粗糙度減緩了破裂速度。然後，二次破裂始於粗糙度的另一邊，粗糙度無法抵擋雙鉗形破裂前緣。這種高應力降粗糙度的失敗使地震演變爲大規模事件。

該觀測結果有助於揭示斷層粗糙度在控制震羣遷移和破裂傳播方面的關鍵作用，並強調需要進行詳細的地震學和跨學科研究來評估震羣易發地區的地震風險。

▲ Abstract：

To reveal the connections between the 2024 moment magnitude (Mw) 7.5 Noto earthquake in Japan and the seismicity swarms that preceded it, we investigated its rupture process through near-source waveform analysis and source imaging techniques, combining seismic and geodetic datasets. We found notable complexity in the initial rupture stages. A strong fault asperity, which remained unbroken in preceding seismic swarms, slowed down the rupture. Then, a second rupture initiated at the opposite edge of the asperity, and the asperity succumbed to double-pincer rupture fronts. The failure of this high-stress drop asperity drove the earthquake into a large-scale event. Our observations help unravel the crucial role of fault asperities in controlling swarm migration and rupture propagation and underscore the need for detailed seismological and interdisciplinary studies to assess seismic risk in swarm-prone regions.

Climate policies that achieved major emission reductions: Global evidence from two decades

實現大幅減排的氣候政策：二十年的全球證據

▲ 作者：ANNIKA STECHEMESSER, NICOLAS KOCH, EBBA MARK, ELINA DILGER, PATRICK KL?SEL, LAURA MENICACCI, ET AL.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl6547

▲摘要：

要實現《巴黎協定》的氣候目標，就必須更好地瞭解哪些氣候政策能在必要規模上減少排放。

研究組提供了一項全球系統的事後評估，以確定在1998年至2022年間在六大洲41個國家實施的1500項氣候政策中導致大幅減排的政策組合。該方法將一個全面的氣候政策數據庫與基於機器學習的通用雙重差分法的擴展相結合。共確定了63項成功的政策干預措施，總減排量在6億至18億噸二氧化碳之間。

研究組對有效但罕有研究的政策組合的見解強調了基於價格的工具在精心設計的政策組合中的重要作用，以及縮小排放差距所需的政策努力。

▲ Abstract：

Meeting the Paris Agreement’s climate targets necessitates better knowledge about which climate policies work in reducing emissions at the necessary scale. We provide a global, systematic ex post evaluation to identify policy combinations that have led to large emission reductions out of 1500 climate policies implemented between 1998 and 2022 across 41 countries from six continents. Our approach integrates a comprehensive climate policy database with a machine learning–based extension of the common difference-in-differences approach. We identified 63 successful policy interventions with total emission reductions between 0.6 billion and 1.8 billion metric tonnes CO2. Our insights on effective but rarely studied policy combinations highlight the important role of price-based instruments in well-designed policy mixes and the policy efforts necessary for closing the emissions gap.